My game loop is getting occasional micro-stutters because string interpolations $"Score: {score}" are generating garbage memory every frame. How can I format text with zero heap allocations?

Use ZString or string.Create with a stackalloc Span<char>! In .NET 6+, ISpanFormattable allows writing numbers directly into a char buffer: score.TryFormat(span, out int written). Then pass the buffer directly to your renderer without creating an intermediate string.

In Unity, you can also use StringBuilder with an integer-to-char conversion helper to avoid boxing.